A method is developed for calculating the small-angle x-ray scattering originating from within the interior of a thin film under grazing incidence illumination. This offers the possibility of using x-ray scattering to ...

By embedding ‘‘dilute’’ gold nanoparticles in single polystyrene thin films as ‘‘markers’’, we probe the local viscosity of the free surface at temperatures far above the glass transition temperature (Tg). The technique ...